This handout provides instructions on building the graph below and includes writing prompts for out-of-class assignments.
The post “The Taylor Rule” discusses how the output gap and current inflation can guide monetary policymaking.
The essay “Policy Rules and How Policymakers Use Them” discusses several monetary policy rules that have received attention in the academic research literature.
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and the Federal Reserve Board are working together to expand options for finding, accessing, and visualizing data from the Board’s Data Download Program (DDP): All releases available through the DDP are now accessible within Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED). DDP users will still be able to access the Board’s existing DDP service, including the ability to download preformatted release packages or customized subsets of releases.
The Board and the FRED Team are working to expedite the availability of DDP releases in FRED and enhance this data service to better meet the needs of the public. New capabilities and enhancements in FRED include the following:
FRED launched in 1991 and now includes over 300 macroeconomic-related data releases from a variety of source providers. FRED continues to expand its data offerings to serve its users, which include policymakers, students, business professionals, and others interested in economic data.
For questions on DDP data, please continue to contact the Board via the data source in the Economic Data drop-down menu of Contact us.
For questions on FRED functionality, please contact FRED.
This handout provides instructions on building the map below and includes writing prompts for out-of-class assignments.
The post “Saving for college” discusses how tax-free withdrawals from 529 plans have boosted the use of those saving plans to pay for college.
The FRED graph above shows the US personal saving rate.
Q1. Between 2009 and 2023, when did the personal saving rate peak?
Q2. Between 2009 and 2023, when was the personal saving rate at its lowest?
Read this FRED Blog post to learn more about those data.
The FRED graph above shows the shares of college saving plans and pre-paid plans in 529 saving accounts.
Q1. Between 1996 and 2022, when was the share of college saving plans at its lowest?
Q1. Between 1996 and 2022, when was the share of college saving plans at its highest?
Read this FRED Blog post to learn more about those data.
The FRED graph above shows the value of individual retirement accounts, for both employees and the self-employed, adjusted for consumer price inflation.
Q1. Between 1984 and 2023, when did the value of individual retirement accounts peak?
Q1. By how much did the value of individual retirement accounts increase between 1984 and 1991?
You can share these graphs with your students using this dashboard. To customize this dashboard, just click the “Save to My Account” button at the top of the dashboard.
This handout provides instructions on building the map below and includes writing prompts for out-of-class assignments.
The post “How to gauge the world’s banking markets? Look to the World Bank” discusses a way to measure the degree of banking competition reported by the World Bank.
The FRED map above shows the number of bank branches per 100,000 adults by nation in 2019.
Q1. In 2019, what nation had the largest number of branches per 100,000 adults in the world?
Q2. In 2019, what nation had the smallest number of branches per 100,000 adults in North America?
The FRED graph above shows the number of commercial banks in the US between 1984 and 2019.
Q1. Between 1984 and 2019, when was the number of commercial banks in the US the highest?
Q1. As the number of commercial banks in the US decreases, is the banking industry becoming more concentrated or less concentrated?
The FRED graph above shows banks’ returns on assets by nation in 2020.
Q1. Name two nations reporting negative bank returns on assets in 2020.
Q1. If the reported bank returns on assets are negative, is the banking industry in that nation profitable?
You can share these graphs with your students using this dashboard. To customize this dashboard, just click the “Save to My Account” button at the top of the dashboard.
Don’t miss the new related content for every FRED webpage! The FRED Team has added a feature that suggests data series based on common searches in FRED. Scroll down below your favorite graph on any series page to find those suggestions. The new content will refresh every month.
This handout provides instructions on building the graph below and includes writing prompts for out-of-class assignments.
The post “There’s electricity in the air! But it’s not for sale” discusses how electricity production growth outpaced electricity sales growth because a growing proportion of electricity consumers generate at least some of their own power.
The FRED graph above shows the annual inflation rate for electricity prices (the blue bars) and for all consumption items less energy (the green bars).
Q1. In both 2021 and 2022, which inflation rate was higher?
Q2. Between 2013 and 2020, when did electricity prices decrease?
The FRED graph above shows the seasonal changes in electricity and gas production in the US between 1939 and 1960.
Q1. Between 1939 and 1960, during which quarter did electricity and gas production tend to peak?
Read this FRED Blog post to learn more about those data.
The FRED graph above shows the seasonal changes in electricity and gas production in the US between 1999 and 2023.
Q1. Between 1999 and 2023, during which quarters did electricity and gas production tend to peak?
Read this FRED Blog post to learn more about those data.
You can share these graphs with your students using this dashboard. To customize this dashboard, just click the “Save to My Account” button at the top of the dashboard.
The FRED team continues to make its website more accessible to all users. Enhancements have been made to FRED’s homepage, header and footer, release pages, search pages, and release tables. These include:
This handout provides instructions on building the graph below and includes writing prompts for out-of-class assignments.
The post “Gauging underlying inflation” briefly describes the concept of underlying inflation trends and reviews FRED’s substantial repository of measures of trend inflation. You can also check this short video of Mark Wright explaining various inflation measures.
The FRED graph shows three personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index data series from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis: the all-items inflation rate (the green dotted line); one inflation rate excluding the energy and housing categories (the blue line); and one inflation rate excluding the food, energy, and housing categories (the red line).
Q1. Between April 2020 and May 2021, which inflation rate was highest?
Q2. Between June 2021 and February 2023, which inflation rate was highest?
Read this FRED Blog post to learn more about those data.
The FRED graph shows two consumer price index (CPI) inflation rates: the all-items inflation rate from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (the black dashed line) and the underlying inflation gauge, full data set measure, from the New York Fed (the red line).
Q1. Between July 2020 and February 2021, which inflation rate was higher?
Q2. Between March 2021 and May 2023, which inflation rate was lower?
Read this FRED Blog post to learn more about those data.
The FRED graph shows two personal consumption expenditures (PCE) inflation rates: the PCE inflation rate from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (the orange dotted line) and the trimmed mean PCE inflation rate the Dallas Fed (the green dashed line).
Q1. Between April 2020 and January 2021, which inflation rate was higher?
Q2. Between February 2021 and February 2023, which inflation rate was higher?
Read this FRED Blog post to learn more about those data.
You can share these graphs with your students using this dashboard. To customize this dashboard, just click the “Save to My Account” button at the top of the dashboard.
FRED has added 42 data series with new features of the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index.
On September 28, 2023, the US Bureau of Economic Analysis started reporting two new PCE price indexes: one excluding the energy and housing categories from the all-items PCE price index and a second one excluding the food, energy, and housing categories. The BEA report also includes several tables showing how different goods and services have contributed to overall inflation. More details are available here.
This handout provides instructions on building the graph below and includes writing prompts for out-of-class assignments.
The post “The federal budget balance as a fraction of GDP” compares the annual balance of the federal government budget as a percent of GDP during the fiscal and calendar years. The choice of calendars has some noticeable impacts on the overall calculation.
Q1. The FRED graph shows the two major sources of revenue for state and local governments: transfers from the federal government (the blue line) and their own tax receipts (the red line). Between Q1 1960 and Q2 2023, which source of revenue was larger?
Q2. Why did transfers from the federal government to state and local governments spike during Q2 2020 and Q2 2021?
Read this FRED Blog post to learn more about those data.
Q1. The FRED graph shows three different sources of state and local tax revenue. Which source of tax revenue decreased the most, in millions of US dollars, during the 2020 recession?
Q2. Which source of tax revenue decreased the least, in millions of US dollars, during the 2020 recession?
Read this FRED Blog post to learn more about those data.
Q1. The FRED map shows projected net borrowing (the yellow areas) and lending (the green areas) by governments as a percent of their gross domestic products (GDP). Name two nations projected to report larger receipts than outlays (i.e., be net lenders) in 2028.
You can share these graphs with your students using this dashboard. To customize this dashboard, just click the “Save to My Account” button at the top of the dashboard.
